Animal
Domestication Animal Domestication is the selecting and breeding
of animals to serve human needs. Through selective breeding, humans can create
future generations of animals with certain accentuated behaviors. However,
only a few animals have the appropriate temperament to accept such a degree
of human control. As a result, domesticated animals share common
characteristics such as smaller bodies and shorter life spans. As animal domestication
has brought about many benefits and fundamentally changed human society, it
is considered the most important development in human history since the
harnessing of fire. |
The professor provides two examples.
Explain how they illustrate the concept of Animal Domestication.
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Mental Script In any given situation or routine encounter, people
have preconceived expectations about what will happen. As such, they use a “mental
script”, a prepared set of appropriate actions and responses for social
interactions. People develop mental scripts based upon their own knowledge
and experience in various social circumstances. Yet these scripts do not
always aid in communication, as would be expected. When another person’s
speech or behavior does not conform to what was anticipated in the script, it
can cause problems and prevent mutual understanding. |
The professor provides a personal example.
Explain how her experience illustrates the concept of metal scripts.
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Insight
Learning in Animals Animals typically learn by association. Associative
learning takes place progressively over time through a series of repeated but
slightly different attempts to solve a particular problem. In this sense, it
is similar to the process of trial and error. In contrast, insight learning
is the sudden realization that occurs through the use of logic. With insight learning,
existing knowledge is reorganized to solve a problem and new relationships
within that knowledge are discovered. This ability was once thought to be
limited to humans, but recent studies suggest that certain animals are also
capable of insight learning. |
The professor provides an example. Explain
how it illustrates the concept of insight learning in animals.
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Path Dependence In economics, path dependence is the dependence of
economic outcomes on historical results rather than on current conditions. In
essence, choices made by societies in the past can have an enduring impact
long after their original acceptance or implementation. Economists point out
that after a particular standard is adopted, switching to new standard can be
difficult due to the time and costs involved. This is true even when an
alternative product is known to be superior in durability, efficiency, or
overall effectiveness. As a result, subpar standards may remain in use while newer
and better models are not adopted. |
The professor provides an example. Explain
how it illustrates the concept of path dependence.
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