1 Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen.
2 For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone's surfaces.
3 It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered "women's work."
4 The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework. An increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.
5 To understand the nature of the ecologist's investigation,we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal," ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret. One of tends is to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics.