1.
The reading
passage provides several evidences about the possibility of existing life in Mars.
However, the professor in the lecture casts a doubt in the author’s claim and
pointed out that the theory has some loopholes.
To begin
with, the professor argued that the methane gas existing in the Mar’s
atmosphere could also be generated by other sources. He gave examples of volcanoes
and comets as a possible reason for this gas. This contradicts the author’s claim
that the methane gas is an evidential fact suggesting the presence of living
organism.
2.
The reading
passage suggests that the orb web has profound benefits in their design.
However, professor argues that the design of the web also has possible flaws
within the structure.
First of all,
professor claim that the orb web is does not have any advantage compared to other
design. Although the web structure is sensitive to detect the caught target,
the spider in the web has to stay in the center of the web. This makes the
spider vulnerable to potential predators. This refutes the assertion of the
reading passage that the web has a great advantage, especially in sense of
sensory function.
3.
The reading
passage suggests several evidences that dinosaurs were endothermic, instead of
ectothermic. However, the professor in the lecture casted doubts on the author’s
claim that the assertions are weak and there are a lot of loopholes in the
claim.
First of all,
the base of the assumption which endothermic creatures usually dominate in the area
overlaps with ectothermic ones was wrong. The lecturer provides the example of
Indonesian species which is known as ectothermic, reptile, outnumbered other mammals.
Thus, the fact does not conclude that the dinosaurs were endothermic. This
counters the author’s claim that the figural trend of creatures indicates the
type of it.
Second,
according to the lecture, parental behavior was not found. For example, the
finding in the Mongolia indicates a young dinosaur had to defend by itself.
Therefore, there is little evidence that the parents have raised their babies.
This refutes the author’s assertion that the parental supports show that the
dinosaurs were endothermic.
4.
The reading
passage provides several evidences that the language ability of chimpanzees was
limited. However, the professor in the lecture casted doubts on the authors
claim and pointed out that the chimpanzees can freely use the langue.
First of all,
the professor mentioned the example of a chimpanzee which had shown the
potential to communicate by language. This fact indicates that even though chimpanzees
have lacked skills of using a formal grammar, they can still utilize linguistic
elements as a medium of a communication. This contradicts the author’s claim
that chimpanzee do not qualified the conditions to use a language as an
experiment has shown.
Second, the
lecturer argued that chimpanzees is able to express their various types of
feelings and desires as well as responding to a given questions. The example I
mentioned in the previous paragraph also showed that the chimpanzee has
expressed its own mood and situation. This refutes the author’s claim that
chimpanzees could only react on a basic desire, acquiring foods.