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For today, we are going to discuss a very interesting phenomenon. is it’s known as black clouds and well it has to something to do volcanic eruptions. Can anyone tell me first where lava is ejected?
Into the air and onto the land I suppose.
Right but that’s it?
Where Well. There were are under water volcanoes so I’d have to say that lava is also ejected onto the to bottom of the oceans.
Absolutely, what do you think? Is there any way that volcanic eruptions and other under water phenomenon can be proved? Well, actually, we do have a maps of the bottom of the ocean so scientists several have a pretty good idea where the mid ocean reach ridge volcanoes are located. And you know, sonar was used to map out the ocean floors. By the way, do you all know what sonar is?
It uses the sound to give us a picture of the ocean depths
That’s right. Sonar stands for the sound navigation ranging. If you’ve ever watched those submarine movies, they always have this ping…ping sound… a kind of transmission thing. Well, the life length of time between those pings can tell the navigator just how far the ocean 플로리? floor is. So using sonar alone, you can come up the a pretty good image of the hills and valleys and that make up the ocean’s bottom. But if you want to make a careful study up underwater phenomenon, you’re going to need a summery submarine.
Well professor, I don’t mean to interrupt but, I think when the a submarine those goes too are deep it begins to crack and break up because of the pressure being 익얼브듯 exerted on it by the ocean depth. So how could a submarine possibly go deep it enough to allow scientists to observe the these under water phenomenon?
Well, actually, it that didn’t did happened in the old day. You know the pressure on the see floor is about 6 times higher than on the surface of the sea. Fortunately, new and special materials and equipment are available for the today’s submarines. So, modern submarines can observe some pretty fantastic phenomena, such as black clouds. Let me describe for you how they form. Scientists have been sending down explore exploratory to missions and on one of this these missions they saw what appeared to be black clouds rising from ocean floor. Now, the environment for this interesting phenomenon estate is the hydrothermal vent, which as you all know is simply 가이서 a geyser on the ocean floor. This These vents continually emit super hot, mineral rich water. Well it’s this water that provides sustenance for organisms set of that live nearly ocean floor. You know like two 섬띵 tubeworms and giant crams that in just ingest minerals. Just to give you an idea how reach rich this water is, tasks tests indicate the presence of 소버 solfur, 커버 copper, golden, and iron. Actually water coming from these hydrothermal vents is the source of the world’s richest more ore deposits. So anyhow, this vent water how’s helps form black clouds. How?
What about when a volcano erupts, it starts to viewing spewing out lava onto the ocean floor. This stuff is really hot about 350 degrees Celsius. But you know the ocean water is pretty cold. Relatively speaking, something like zero or one degrees Celsius. So when hot lava touches this icy cold sea water, the surface of lava quickly forms the a crust of rock. Here is whether where mineral reach rich water’s viewing spewing from the hydrothermal vents comes in. The 서바이 sulfide minerals from the hot water kind of grow a level or rather crystalize right there on the volcanic rocks. And as they continue to crystalize, they form the this hollow chimney like structure. In this it’s thought this structure that the hot water keeps spuring spewing out. Then this vent water mixes with the cold ocean water and the minerals can contained in the hot water begin to precipitate. You know separate into particles. Well, this makes vent water appear black. The mineral particles make the water appear black. They kind of look like black clouds. So scientists saw that these black clouds when they first up zero observed phenomenon. And that’s basically why they these so fine sulfide chimney structures are called black smokers.