Microplastics
Microplastics are fragments of any type of plastic less than 5 mm (0.20 in) in length, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Chemicals Agency. They cause pollution by entering natural ecosystems from a variety of sources, including cosmetics, clothing, food packaging, and industrial processes.
The term macroplastics is used to differentiate microplastics from larger plastic waste, such as plastic bottles. Two classifications of microplastics are currently recognized. Primary microplastics include any plastic fragments or particles that are already 5.0 mm in size or less before entering the environment. These include microfibers from clothing, microbeads, and plastic pellets (also known as nurdles). Secondary microplastics arise from the degradation (breakdown) of larger plastic products through natural weathering processes after entering the environment. Such sources of secondary microplastics include water and soda bottles, fishing nets, plastic bags, microwave containers, tea bags and tire wear. Both types are recognized to persist in the environment at high levels, particularly in aquatic and marine ecosystems, where they cause water pollution. 35% of all ocean microplastics come from textiles/clothing, primarily due to the erosion of polyester, acrylic, or nylon-based clothing, often during the washing process. However, microplastics also accumulate in the air and terrestrial ecosystems.
Because plastics degrade slowly (often over hundreds to thousands of years), microplastics have a high probability of ingestion, incorporation into, and accumulation in the bodies and tissues of many organisms. (A) The toxic chemicals that come from both the ocean and runoff can also biomagnify up the food chain. In terrestrial ecosystems, microplastics have been demonstrated to reduce the viability of soil ecosystems and reduce weight of earthworms. (B) The cycle and movement of microplastics in the environment are not fully known, but research is currently underway to investigate the phenomenon. (C) Deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China (2020) show the presence of plastics in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics, leading to suspected underestimation of microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys. (D) Microplastics have also been found in the high mountains, at great distances from their source.
Question 6: The author of the passage implies that microplastics have a negative impact on the environment.
A) False
B) The author doesn't mention it
C) True
D) Cannot be inferred
Question 7: Why does the author mention the two classifications of microplastics in the passage?
A) To show the persistence of microplastics in the environment
B) To provide a definition of microplastics
C) To explain the different sources of microplastics
D) To highlight the differences between microplastics and macroplastics
Question 8: The word "degradation" in the passage is closest in meaning to…
A) expansion
B) encouragement
C) destruction
D) improvement
Question 9: The phrase "microbeads" in the passage is closest in meaning to…
A) huge particles
B) water droplets
C) large pieces of plastic
D) tiny beads
Question 10: Look at the four letters – (A), (B), (C), and (D), – that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
"Microplastics can cause harm to organisms through ingestion, incorporation, and accumulation in their bodies and tissues."
Where would the sentence best fit?
A) (A)
B) (B)
C) (C)
D) (D)